Environmental Conditions and the Growth Patterns of Acacia melanoxylon in Highland Humid Forests in North Tinderet Forest Block (Kenya)
Keywords:
Acacia melanoxylon, Environmental factors, Invasive species, acacia growth, Tropical forests
Abstract
Acacia species represent one of the most important alien invasive species in many forest ecosystems. The number of quantitative studies exploring their response to environmental heterogeneity is few, especially in tropical, equatorial forested habitats. Therefore, this study aimed to determine ecological conditions and growth patterns of Acacia melanoxylon in highland humid forests in North Tinderet Forest Block in Kenya. Three (3) transects measuring 500 m long each were established in each of the sampling sites invaded by A. melanoxylon where three plots of 10 m × 10 m sizes were systematically spaced at 235 m intervals. In each of the 10 m × 10 m sized plots, all tree species of diameter at breast height (DBH) > 1.3 m and height were measured and recorded. The abundance (ind/m) of plant species was calculated for each site. The study established differences in the DBH, height and abundance of acacia trees relative to environmental variables where the differences occurred mainly due to rainfall, humidity and wind, while altitude, slope, and elevation resulted in negative growth response. These findings suggest that the set of selected environmental variables affected the distribution and growth of A. melanoxylon. It is thus recommended that future studies on ecological conditions for the growth of A. melanoxylon should be conducted in a controlled environment through growth response measurements which were not possible under the current study due to the limitation of time and resources.
References
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Aththanayaka, C.P., Siyasinghe, D.P., Prakash, S.L., Bloch, C.P. and Surasinghe, T.D. (2023). Native and exotic plant invasions vary across habitat types and anthropogenic disturbances in a tourism-heavy protected area. Biological Invasions. 25(2): 411-429.
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Berrill, J., Nicholas, I. and Gifford, H. (2007). Preliminary growth and yield models for even-aged Acacia melanoxylon plantations in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 37(1): 37-46.
Brendel, O. (2021). The relationship between plant growth and water consumption: a history from the classical four elements to modern stable isotopes. Annals of Forest Science. 78(2): 47.
D'Amen, M., Mod, H.K., Gotelli, N.J. and Guisan, A. (2018). Disentangling biotic interactions, environmental filters, and dispersal limitation as drivers of species co‐occurrence. Ecography. 41(8): 1233-1244.
De Zwaan, J. and Van der Sijde, H. (1990). Early results of three blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) provenance trials in South Africa. South African Forestry Journal. 152(1): 23-25.
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Froidevaux, J.S., Duarte, G., Fonseca, A., Zina, V., Conde, S., Ferreira, M.T. and Fernandes, M.R. (2022). The location and vegetation physiognomy of ecological infrastructures determine bat activity in Mediterranean floodplain landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 332(107929.
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Guilherme, F.A.G., Júnior, A.F., Pereira, F.C., Silva, G.E. and Maciel, E.A. (2022). Disturbances and environmental gradients influence the dynamics of individuals and basal area in the Cerrado complex. Trees, Forests and People. 9(100298.
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Hamad-Sheip, Y., Abdul-Hamid, H., Abiri, R., Saleh, M.-N., Mohamed, J., Jalil, A.-M. and Naji, H.R. (2021). Effect of Acacia mangium canopy on physicochemical characteristics and nutrient concentrations of the soil at Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Malaysia. Forests. 12(9): 1259.
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Igartúa, D.V., Moreno, K. and Monteoliva, S.E. (2017). Acacia melanoxylon in Argentina: heartwood content and its relationship with site, growth and age of the trees. Forest Systems. 26
Jarnevich, C.S., Sofaer, H.R., Belamaric, P. and Engelstad, P. (2022). Regional models do not outperform continental models for invasive species. NeoBiota. 77(1-22.
Kharivha, T., Ruwanza, S. and Thondhlana, G. (2022). Effects of elevated temperature and high and low rainfall on the germination and growth of the invasive alien plant Acacia mearnsii. Plants. 11(19): 2633.
Köhl, M., Magnussen, S. and Marchetti, M. (2006). Sampling in Forest surveys. Springer.
Kraft, N.J., Adler, P.B., Godoy, O., James, E.C., Fuller, S. and Levine, J.M. (2015). Community assembly, coexistence and the environmental filtering metaphor. Functional ecology. 29(5): 592-599.
Kumar, A., Adhikari, B.S. and Rawat, G.S. (2022). A hierarchy of landscape-habitat-plant physiognomic classes in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. Trees, Forests and People. 7(100172.
Lázaro-Lobo, A., Evans, K.O. and Ervin, G.N. (2020). Evaluating landscape characteristics of predicted hotspots for plant invasions. Invasive Plant Science and Management. 13(3): 163-175.
Liu, Z., Yu, H., Sun, X. and Ding, J. (2022). Effects of elevated temperature on chemistry of an invasive plant, its native congener and their herbivores. Journal of Plant Ecology. 15(3): 450-460.
Malfasi, F., Convey, P., Zaccara, S. and Cannone, N. (2020). Establishment and eradication of an alien plant species in Antarctica: Poa annua at Signy Island. Biodiversity and Conservation. 29(173-186.
Matos, F.A., Edwards, D.P., S. Magnago, L.F., Heringer, G., Viana Neri, A., Buttschardt, T., Dudeque Zenni, R., Tavares de Menezes, L.F., Zamborlini Saiter, F. and
Reynaud Schaefer, C.E.G. (2023). Invasive alien acacias rapidly stock carbon, but threaten biodiversity recovery in young second-growth forests. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 378(1867): 20210072.
Matukana, V. (2021). The Survival of Acacia decurrens, Acacia melanoxylon and Populus alba in Vaalwater, Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa.
Medhurst, J., Pinkard, E., Beadle, C. and Worledge, D. (2003). Growth and stem form responses of plantation-grown Acacia melanoxylon (R. Br.) to form pruning and nurse-crop thinning. Forest Ecology and Management. 179(1-3): 183-193.
Mendham, D. and White, D. (2019). A review of nutrient, water and organic matter dynamics of tropical acacias on mineral soils for improved management in Southeast Asia. Australian Forestry. 82(sup1): 45-56.
Minuto, L., Casazza, G., Dagnino, D., Guerrina, M., Macri, C., Zappa, E. and Mariotti, M.G. (2020). Reproductive traits of the invasive species Acacia dealbata Link. In the northern Mediterranean basin. Annali di Botanica: 13-20.
Momberg, M., Hedding, D.W., Luoto, M. and le Roux, P.C. (2021). Species differ in their responses to wind: the underexplored link between species fine‐scale occurrences and variation in wind stress. Journal of Vegetation Science. 32(6): e13093.
Montagnani, C., Gentili, R., Brundu, G., Caronni, S. and Citterio, S. (2022). Accidental Introduction and Spread of Top Invasive Alien Plants in the European Union through Human-Mediated Agricultural Pathways: What Should We Expect? Agronomy. 12(2): 423.
Neilsen, W. and Brown, D. (1996). Acacia melanoxylon plantations in Tasmania: research and development. Forestry Tasmania.
Nyarobi, H. (2022). Morphological and physiological responses of the invasive plant Gutenbergia cordifolia to varying biophysical conditions, NM-AIST.
Ouyang, L., Gao, J., Zhao, P. and Rao, X. (2020). Species‐specific transpiration and water use patterns of two pioneer dominant tree species under manipulated rainfall in a low‐subtropical secondary evergreen forest. Ecohydrology. 13(7): e2234.
Presley, S.J. and Willig, M.R. (2023). Gradients and the Structure of Neotropical Metacommunities: Effects of Disturbance, Elevation, Landscape Structure, and Biogeography, Neotropical Gradients and Their Analysis. Springer. pp. 419-450.
Redwood, M.E., Matlack, G.R. and Huebner, C.D. (2019). Seed longevity and dormancy state in an invasive tree species: Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) 1. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 146(2): 79-86.
Salamon-Albert, É., Bartha, D. and Csiszár, Á. (2022). Small-Scale Environmental Heterogeneity Enhances Tree Recruitment through Carbon Recharge and Water Use Diversification. Forests. 13(12): 2158.
Souza-Alonso, P., Rodríguez, J., González, L. and Lorenzo, P. (2017). Here to stay. Recent advances and perspectives about Acacia invasion in Mediterranean areas. Annals of Forest Science. 74(3): 1-20.
Stefańska-Krzaczek, E., Swacha, G., Żarnowiec, J., Raduła, M.W., Kącki, Z. and Staniaszek-Kik, M. (2022). Central European forest floor bryophytes: Richness, species composition, coexistence and diagnostic significance across environmental gradients of forest habitats. Ecological Indicators. 139(108954.
Tsarev, A., Tsareva, R. and Tsarev, V. (2021). Environmental Plasticity and Stability of Introduced Euramerican Poplar Hybrids Depending on Climate Variation: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing, pp. 052062.
Ullah, R., Khan, N. and Ali, K. (2022). Which factor explains the life‐history of Xanthium strumarium L., an aggressive alien invasive plant species, along its altitudinal gradient? Plant Direct. 6(1): e375.
Vacek, Z., Vacek, S., Cukor, J., Bulušek, D., Slávik, M., Lukáčik, I., Štefančík, I., Sitková, Z., Eşen, D. and Ripullone, F. (2022). Dendrochronological data from twelve countries proved definite growth response of black alder ([L.] Gaertn.) to climate courses across its distribution range. Central European Forestry Journal. 68(3): 139-153.
Wan, J.-Z., Wang, C.-J. and Yu, F.-H. (2017). Wind effects on habitat distributions of wind-dispersed invasive plants across different biomes on a global scale: Assessment using six species. Ecological Informatics. 42(38-45.
Wells, J.J., Stringer, L.C., Woodhead, A.J. and Wandrag, E.M. (2023). Towards a holistic understanding of non-native tree impacts on ecosystem services: A review of Acacia, Eucalyptus and Pinus in Africa. Ecosystem Services. 60(101511.
Xiaogang, D., Qian, H., Fangqiu, Z., Jiyue, L., Hongxu, W. and Jing, C. (2018). Optimizing the growth and N status of containerized Australian Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) seedlings with exponential nitrogen loading. Forestry and Environmental Science. 6(127-135.
Zhao, C., Zhao, W., Jin, M., Zhou, J., Ta, F., Wang, L., Mou, W., Lei, L., Liu, J. and Du, J. (2022). Spatial patterns of Picea crassifolia driven by environmental heterogeneity and intraspecific interactions. Journal of Forestry Research: 1-14.
Zhou, Q., Wang, L., Jiang, Z., Wu, J., Cui, X., Li, X., Liu, Z., Musa, A., Ma, Q. and Yu, H. (2020). Effects of climatic and social factors on dispersal strategies of alien species across China. Science of the Total Environment. 749(141443.
Zou, L., Tian, F., Liang, T., Eklundh, L., Tong, X., Tagesson, T., Dou, Y., He, T., Liang, S. and Fensholt, R. (2023). Assessing the upper elevational limits of vegetation growth in global high-mountains. Remote Sensing of Environment. 286(113423
Al Dhanhani, A.S.S.J., Mirza, S.B., Alhefeiti, F.R.M.O. and Ridouane, F.L. (2023). Investigating the nutritional potential and vegetation blueprint mapping of Acacia tortilis and Acacia ehrenbergiana from the origin of Fujairah, UAE, for Arabian Tahr as native fodder plants. Advancements in Life Sciences. 10(1): 99-103.
Arán, D., García-Duro, J., Reyes, O. and Casal, M. (2013). Fire and invasive species: Modifications in the germination potential of Acacia melanoxylon, Conyza canadensis and Eucalyptus globulus. Forest Ecology and Management. 302(7-13.
Aththanayaka, C.P., Siyasinghe, D.P., Prakash, S.L., Bloch, C.P. and Surasinghe, T.D. (2023). Native and exotic plant invasions vary across habitat types and anthropogenic disturbances in a tourism-heavy protected area. Biological Invasions. 25(2): 411-429.
Berio Fortini, L., Leopold, C.R., Perkins, K.S., Chadwick, O.A., Yelenik, S.G., Jacobi, J.D., Bishaw, K.e. and Gregg, M. (2021). Landscape level effects of invasive plants and animals on water infiltration through Hawaiian tropical forests. Biological Invasions. 23(7): 2155-2172.
Berrill, J., Nicholas, I. and Gifford, H. (2007). Preliminary growth and yield models for even-aged Acacia melanoxylon plantations in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 37(1): 37-46.
Brendel, O. (2021). The relationship between plant growth and water consumption: a history from the classical four elements to modern stable isotopes. Annals of Forest Science. 78(2): 47.
D'Amen, M., Mod, H.K., Gotelli, N.J. and Guisan, A. (2018). Disentangling biotic interactions, environmental filters, and dispersal limitation as drivers of species co‐occurrence. Ecography. 41(8): 1233-1244.
De Zwaan, J. and Van der Sijde, H. (1990). Early results of three blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) provenance trials in South Africa. South African Forestry Journal. 152(1): 23-25.
Ehrlén, J. and Morris, W.F. (2015). Predicting changes in the distribution and abundance of species under environmental change. Ecology Letters. 18(3): 303-314.
El-Shafie, H. (2020). Invasive Species: Introduction Pathways, Economic Impact, and Possible Management Options. BoD–Books on Demand.
Finch, D.M., Butler, J.L., Runyon, J.B., Fettig, C.J., Kilkenny, F.F., Jose, S., Frankel, S.J., Cushman, S.A., Cobb, R.C. and Dukes, J.S. (2021). Effects of climate change on invasive species. Invasive species in forests and rangelands of the United States: a comprehensive science synthesis for the United States forest sector: 57-83.
Froidevaux, J.S., Duarte, G., Fonseca, A., Zina, V., Conde, S., Ferreira, M.T. and Fernandes, M.R. (2022). The location and vegetation physiognomy of ecological infrastructures determine bat activity in Mediterranean floodplain landscapes. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 332(107929.
Gioria, M., Hulme, P.E., Richardson, D.M. and Pyšek, P. (2022). Why Are Invasive Plants Successful? Annual Review of Plant Biology. 74(
Gong, Y., Zhang, X., Li, H., Zhang, X., He, S. and Miao, Y. (2021). A comparison of the growth status, rainfall retention and purification effects of four green roof plant species. Journal of Environmental Management. 278(111451.
Guilherme, F.A.G., Júnior, A.F., Pereira, F.C., Silva, G.E. and Maciel, E.A. (2022). Disturbances and environmental gradients influence the dynamics of individuals and basal area in the Cerrado complex. Trees, Forests and People. 9(100298.
Gul, M.U., Paul, A. and Chehri, A. (2023). Hydrotropism: Understanding the Impact of Water on Plant Movement and Adaptation. Water. 15(3): 567.
Hamad-Sheip, Y., Abdul-Hamid, H., Abiri, R., Saleh, M.-N., Mohamed, J., Jalil, A.-M. and Naji, H.R. (2021). Effect of Acacia mangium canopy on physicochemical characteristics and nutrient concentrations of the soil at Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Malaysia. Forests. 12(9): 1259.
Holenstein, K. (2022). Permeability of European Protected Areas to Non-Native Species, Université Montpellier.
Igartúa, D.V., Moreno, K. and Monteoliva, S.E. (2017). Acacia melanoxylon in Argentina: heartwood content and its relationship with site, growth and age of the trees. Forest Systems. 26
Jarnevich, C.S., Sofaer, H.R., Belamaric, P. and Engelstad, P. (2022). Regional models do not outperform continental models for invasive species. NeoBiota. 77(1-22.
Kharivha, T., Ruwanza, S. and Thondhlana, G. (2022). Effects of elevated temperature and high and low rainfall on the germination and growth of the invasive alien plant Acacia mearnsii. Plants. 11(19): 2633.
Köhl, M., Magnussen, S. and Marchetti, M. (2006). Sampling in Forest surveys. Springer.
Kraft, N.J., Adler, P.B., Godoy, O., James, E.C., Fuller, S. and Levine, J.M. (2015). Community assembly, coexistence and the environmental filtering metaphor. Functional ecology. 29(5): 592-599.
Kumar, A., Adhikari, B.S. and Rawat, G.S. (2022). A hierarchy of landscape-habitat-plant physiognomic classes in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. Trees, Forests and People. 7(100172.
Lázaro-Lobo, A., Evans, K.O. and Ervin, G.N. (2020). Evaluating landscape characteristics of predicted hotspots for plant invasions. Invasive Plant Science and Management. 13(3): 163-175.
Liu, Z., Yu, H., Sun, X. and Ding, J. (2022). Effects of elevated temperature on chemistry of an invasive plant, its native congener and their herbivores. Journal of Plant Ecology. 15(3): 450-460.
Malfasi, F., Convey, P., Zaccara, S. and Cannone, N. (2020). Establishment and eradication of an alien plant species in Antarctica: Poa annua at Signy Island. Biodiversity and Conservation. 29(173-186.
Matos, F.A., Edwards, D.P., S. Magnago, L.F., Heringer, G., Viana Neri, A., Buttschardt, T., Dudeque Zenni, R., Tavares de Menezes, L.F., Zamborlini Saiter, F. and
Reynaud Schaefer, C.E.G. (2023). Invasive alien acacias rapidly stock carbon, but threaten biodiversity recovery in young second-growth forests. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 378(1867): 20210072.
Matukana, V. (2021). The Survival of Acacia decurrens, Acacia melanoxylon and Populus alba in Vaalwater, Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa.
Medhurst, J., Pinkard, E., Beadle, C. and Worledge, D. (2003). Growth and stem form responses of plantation-grown Acacia melanoxylon (R. Br.) to form pruning and nurse-crop thinning. Forest Ecology and Management. 179(1-3): 183-193.
Mendham, D. and White, D. (2019). A review of nutrient, water and organic matter dynamics of tropical acacias on mineral soils for improved management in Southeast Asia. Australian Forestry. 82(sup1): 45-56.
Minuto, L., Casazza, G., Dagnino, D., Guerrina, M., Macri, C., Zappa, E. and Mariotti, M.G. (2020). Reproductive traits of the invasive species Acacia dealbata Link. In the northern Mediterranean basin. Annali di Botanica: 13-20.
Momberg, M., Hedding, D.W., Luoto, M. and le Roux, P.C. (2021). Species differ in their responses to wind: the underexplored link between species fine‐scale occurrences and variation in wind stress. Journal of Vegetation Science. 32(6): e13093.
Montagnani, C., Gentili, R., Brundu, G., Caronni, S. and Citterio, S. (2022). Accidental Introduction and Spread of Top Invasive Alien Plants in the European Union through Human-Mediated Agricultural Pathways: What Should We Expect? Agronomy. 12(2): 423.
Neilsen, W. and Brown, D. (1996). Acacia melanoxylon plantations in Tasmania: research and development. Forestry Tasmania.
Nyarobi, H. (2022). Morphological and physiological responses of the invasive plant Gutenbergia cordifolia to varying biophysical conditions, NM-AIST.
Ouyang, L., Gao, J., Zhao, P. and Rao, X. (2020). Species‐specific transpiration and water use patterns of two pioneer dominant tree species under manipulated rainfall in a low‐subtropical secondary evergreen forest. Ecohydrology. 13(7): e2234.
Presley, S.J. and Willig, M.R. (2023). Gradients and the Structure of Neotropical Metacommunities: Effects of Disturbance, Elevation, Landscape Structure, and Biogeography, Neotropical Gradients and Their Analysis. Springer. pp. 419-450.
Redwood, M.E., Matlack, G.R. and Huebner, C.D. (2019). Seed longevity and dormancy state in an invasive tree species: Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) 1. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. 146(2): 79-86.
Salamon-Albert, É., Bartha, D. and Csiszár, Á. (2022). Small-Scale Environmental Heterogeneity Enhances Tree Recruitment through Carbon Recharge and Water Use Diversification. Forests. 13(12): 2158.
Souza-Alonso, P., Rodríguez, J., González, L. and Lorenzo, P. (2017). Here to stay. Recent advances and perspectives about Acacia invasion in Mediterranean areas. Annals of Forest Science. 74(3): 1-20.
Stefańska-Krzaczek, E., Swacha, G., Żarnowiec, J., Raduła, M.W., Kącki, Z. and Staniaszek-Kik, M. (2022). Central European forest floor bryophytes: Richness, species composition, coexistence and diagnostic significance across environmental gradients of forest habitats. Ecological Indicators. 139(108954.
Tsarev, A., Tsareva, R. and Tsarev, V. (2021). Environmental Plasticity and Stability of Introduced Euramerican Poplar Hybrids Depending on Climate Variation: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing, pp. 052062.
Ullah, R., Khan, N. and Ali, K. (2022). Which factor explains the life‐history of Xanthium strumarium L., an aggressive alien invasive plant species, along its altitudinal gradient? Plant Direct. 6(1): e375.
Vacek, Z., Vacek, S., Cukor, J., Bulušek, D., Slávik, M., Lukáčik, I., Štefančík, I., Sitková, Z., Eşen, D. and Ripullone, F. (2022). Dendrochronological data from twelve countries proved definite growth response of black alder ([L.] Gaertn.) to climate courses across its distribution range. Central European Forestry Journal. 68(3): 139-153.
Wan, J.-Z., Wang, C.-J. and Yu, F.-H. (2017). Wind effects on habitat distributions of wind-dispersed invasive plants across different biomes on a global scale: Assessment using six species. Ecological Informatics. 42(38-45.
Wells, J.J., Stringer, L.C., Woodhead, A.J. and Wandrag, E.M. (2023). Towards a holistic understanding of non-native tree impacts on ecosystem services: A review of Acacia, Eucalyptus and Pinus in Africa. Ecosystem Services. 60(101511.
Xiaogang, D., Qian, H., Fangqiu, Z., Jiyue, L., Hongxu, W. and Jing, C. (2018). Optimizing the growth and N status of containerized Australian Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) seedlings with exponential nitrogen loading. Forestry and Environmental Science. 6(127-135.
Zhao, C., Zhao, W., Jin, M., Zhou, J., Ta, F., Wang, L., Mou, W., Lei, L., Liu, J. and Du, J. (2022). Spatial patterns of Picea crassifolia driven by environmental heterogeneity and intraspecific interactions. Journal of Forestry Research: 1-14.
Zhou, Q., Wang, L., Jiang, Z., Wu, J., Cui, X., Li, X., Liu, Z., Musa, A., Ma, Q. and Yu, H. (2020). Effects of climatic and social factors on dispersal strategies of alien species across China. Science of the Total Environment. 749(141443.
Zou, L., Tian, F., Liang, T., Eklundh, L., Tong, X., Tagesson, T., Dou, Y., He, T., Liang, S. and Fensholt, R. (2023). Assessing the upper elevational limits of vegetation growth in global high-mountains. Remote Sensing of Environment. 286(113423
Published
2023-04-26
How to Cite
Kiptoo, T., Ole Kiyiapi, J., Sang, F., Odhiambo, K., & Wanjohi, B. (2023, April 26). Environmental Conditions and the Growth Patterns of Acacia melanoxylon in Highland Humid Forests in North Tinderet Forest Block (Kenya). African Journal of Education,Science and Technology, 7(3), Pg 13-30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2022/ajest.v7i3.882
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