Ideology, Elitism, Gender and the Evolution of Sports Management in Colonial Kenya, 1923 – 1963
Keywords:
Elitism, Ideology and Gender
Abstract
Marginalization of women in sports management in Kenya has a long history. However, the existing literature on the subject overlooks the interplay of ideology and elitism in gendering inequality in sports management in colonial Kenya. This article delves into the evolution of sports during the colonial period to understand the impact of the interplay between ideology and elitism on gendering sports management. It examines data preserved in official records, newspapers/magazines and views and recollections of knowledgeable informants. The article established that ideology and elitism combined with evolving social and political meaning of sports to advantage the colonial political class in top decision-making levels of sports management. At independence the white political class in sports management was replaced by an African one, community development officers and, sportspersons transitioning to sports administration. These developments gave Kenyan men long head-starts in the management of sports as the country transitioned to independence.
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Kindy, H. (1972). Life and Politics in Mombasa. Nairobi: East African Publishing House
Klotz, J.C., (2002). “Jim Ryun and Kip Keino Documentary, Part I”, Ethan Productions
Mazrui, Ali (1986). “The African: A Triple Heritage”, BBC Productions
Mboga, H. (2009). Understanding the Local Government System in Kenya: A Citizens Handbook.Nairobi: Institute of Economic Affairs
Mungean, G. H. (1979). Kenya: Selected Historical Documents, 1884 – 1923. Nairobi: East African Publishing House
Nauright, J. (2014). “African Women and Sport: the State of Play” Sport in Society 17, no. 4, 563 – 574.
Olympic Charter (2020). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee
Sayegh, S. and Eric A. (2014), History and Theory. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson.
Sikes M. (2016). “Print Media and the History of Women’s Sport in Africa: The Kenyan Case of Barriers to International Achievement”, History in Africa 43, 323 – 34.
Watson, N., Stuart W. and Stephen F.,(2005). “The Development of Muscular Christianity in Victorian Britain and Beyond”, Journal of Religion and Society 7,
1 – 20.
Adu Boahen, A. (1985). General history of Africa, VII: Africa under colonial domination, 1880-1935.
Anon, (1906). “Education”, East African Standard.
Arab and African Athletic Association (1936). Arab and African Sports Association of Kenya Rules and Regulations (KNA/CE1/30/1): Kenya National Archives documents, 1 – 3.
Arab and African Athletic Association (1951). Arab and African Sports Association Constitution, KNA/CE1/30/1: Kenya National Archives documents.
Arab and African Athletic Association (1951). Arab and African Sports Association Constitution (KNA/CE1/30/1 KNA/CE1/30/1). Kenya National Achieves
Archie E. (1954, March). “5th British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954”, African Sports Review, 6.
Bale, J., & Sang, J. (2013). Kenyan running: Movement culture, geography and global change. Routledge.
Britton, J. (1923). The Missionary Task in Kenya. International Review of Mission, 12(3), 412-420.
Collins, T. (2013). Sport in capitalist society: A short history. Routledge.
DC Central Kavirondo. (1936). [Letter to the DC North Kavirondo]. Minutes of the Meeting of the Football Council of AASA. Native Association (KNA/PC/NZA/2/1/90).
Kenya National Archives documents.
Editor, East African Standard, August 6, 1927, 22.
Editor, (1927August 6). “Jeanes School: The Principles Underlying the Education of the Native”, East African Standard, 24.
Editor, (1928, January 30,), “African Sports”, East African Standard, 24.
Elkins, C. (2005). Imperial reckoning: The untold story of Britain's gulag in Kenya. Macmillan.
KNA/AZG1/30/2 Kenya Olympic Association Chairman Report, 1958–1959.
Holt H. (1955, November 26). [Letter to Reggie Alexander]. Asian, Arab, African. (KNA/A2/G1/30/1). Kenya National Archives documents.
International Olympic Committee (2020). Olympic Charter. Lausanne. 11.
Keller-Smith, S. L., & Affrunti, S. A. (1996). Going for the Gold: The Representation of Olympic Athletes. Vill. Sports & Ent. LJ, 3, 443.
Kenya Olympic Association (1956 June). Kenya Olympic Association Newsletter series, 1956–1960: Report of the Chairman of the Council of Kenya Olympic Association (KNA/AZG1/30/2). Kenya National Archives documents.
Kenya Olympic Association (1956). Kenya Olympic Association Newsletter, no. 1, Kenya National Archives documents. 2.
Kenya Olympic Association (1957, September). Kenya Olympic Newsletter, No. 2, Kenya National Archives documents, p.1
Kenya Olympic Association (1959, March13). IOC Vice President to Governor of Kenya,
Kenya Olympic Association (1960). Governor Presents Olympic Colours”, Kenya Olympic Review 1, Kenya National Archives documents.no. 6, :1.
Kenya Olympic Association (1960, September). Kenya Olympic Association 1956–1960: Report by Chef De Mission to the Kenya Olympic Team of 1960, (KNA/AZG1
/30/2). Kenya National Archives documents.
Kindy, H. (1972). Life and politics in Mombasa. Nairobi. East African Publishing House, 95.
Mazrui, A. (1986). “The African: A Triple Heritage”, BBC Productions.
Mboga, H. (2009). Understanding the Local Government System in Kenya A Citizen's Handbook. Nairobi: Institute of Economic Affairs, 8–10.
Mungeam, G. H. (1978). Kenya, Select Historical Documents, 1884-1923 (Vol. 4). East African Publishing House.
Nandi Locational Sports (1950, July 15–26). Report of Locational Sports Safaris. (KNA/DC/KABT/1/3/21). Kenya National Archives documents 3–4
Native Association (1936, October 30). AASA Secretary’s Report. (KNA PC/NZA/2/1/90). Kenya National Archives documents, 3.
Native Association, (1937 April, 9). Minutes of the Football Council. KNA/PC/NZA/2/90. Kenya National Archives documents.
Nauright, J. (2014). African women and sport: the state of play. Sport in Society, 17(4), 563-574.
Orangi (2002). Interview; Jean-Christophe Klotz,“Jim Ryun and Kip Keino Part I”, Ethan Productions.
Renison M. P., (1959, November). “Supremacy not the only Purpose”, Kenya Olympic Review
Sayegh, S., & Altice, E. (2014). History and Theory. Pearson Higher Ed.
Sikes, M. (2016). Print media and the history of women’s sport in Africa: The Kenyan case of barriers to international achievement. History in Africa, 43, 323-345.
Editor (1935, 24 May). The East African Standard, 22
Watson, N. J., Weir, S., & Friend, S. (2005). The development of muscular Christianity in Victorian Britain and beyond. Journal of religion and society, 7.
Bale,J. and J. Sang, (1996). Kenyan Running: Movement Culture, Geography and Global Change. London: Routledge
Britton, J. (1923). “The Missionary Task in Kenya”, International Review of Missions, xii, no. 47, 413 – 420.
Collins, T., (2013). Sports in Capitalist Society: a Short History. Abingdon: Routledge, . East African Standard (newspaper) series.
Elkins, C., (2005). Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. London: Jonathan Cape
Lee, S. K.,(1996). “Going for Gold: The Representation of Olympic Athletes”, Jeffrey S. Moorad Sports Law Journal, 3, no 1 – 46.
Kindy, H. (1972). Life and Politics in Mombasa. Nairobi: East African Publishing House
Klotz, J.C., (2002). “Jim Ryun and Kip Keino Documentary, Part I”, Ethan Productions
Mazrui, Ali (1986). “The African: A Triple Heritage”, BBC Productions
Mboga, H. (2009). Understanding the Local Government System in Kenya: A Citizens Handbook.Nairobi: Institute of Economic Affairs
Mungean, G. H. (1979). Kenya: Selected Historical Documents, 1884 – 1923. Nairobi: East African Publishing House
Nauright, J. (2014). “African Women and Sport: the State of Play” Sport in Society 17, no. 4, 563 – 574.
Olympic Charter (2020). Lausanne: International Olympic Committee
Sayegh, S. and Eric A. (2014), History and Theory. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson.
Sikes M. (2016). “Print Media and the History of Women’s Sport in Africa: The Kenyan Case of Barriers to International Achievement”, History in Africa 43, 323 – 34.
Watson, N., Stuart W. and Stephen F.,(2005). “The Development of Muscular Christianity in Victorian Britain and Beyond”, Journal of Religion and Society 7,
1 – 20.
Published
2023-04-07
How to Cite
Kiragu, P., Matheka, R., & Nyakwaka, D. (2023, April 7). Ideology, Elitism, Gender and the Evolution of Sports Management in Colonial Kenya, 1923 – 1963. African Journal of Education,Science and Technology, 7(3), Pg 496-511. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2022/ajest.v7i3.858
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