Antimicrobial Properties of Medicinal Plants Against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans Bacteria
Keywords:
Herbal plants, antimicrobial activity, bacteria, fungus, Euclea divinorum, Carissa edulis and Prunus africana
Abstract
Herbal medicine has been used in Africa for centuries and continues to be an important aspect of traditional medicine in many African communities. While Euclea divinorum, Carissa edulis and Prunus africana has a long history of traditional use in Kenya, more research is needed to determine its safety and efficacy for these medicinal purposes. Therefore, this study assessed the antimicrobial capabilities of Euclea divinorum Hern (Ebenaceae), Carissa edulis, and Prunus africana against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans bacteria to complement the work of other researchers. Leaves, roots and stem barks of of the three plants were purposively collected from Elgeyo Marakwet County. The samples were analyzed at University of Eldoret Biotechnology Laboratory, Kenya. The samples were ground into powder and successively extracted with hexane, methanol and acetone. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts was determined by agar disc diffusion method. After 24 hours of introducing the roots, leaves and stem bark extracts to the colonies on petri dishes, the inhibitory diameters of the wells were measured to test their antibacterial activity. The roots, leaves and stem bark extracts of E. divinorum, C. edulis and P. africana against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans exhibit varying degrees of antimicrobial activities against S. aureus and E. coli bacterial strain and C. albicans fungal strain. E. divinorum and C. edulis roots extracts exhibited antimicrobial potency against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans while the leaves of E. divinorum and P. africana showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli bacterial strain. Lastly, the methanol stem bark extract of P. africana was only active against E. coli, and C. albicans however, the stem bark extract of E. divinorum and C. edulis were not against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans. It is therefore recommended that root extracts of E. divinorum and C. edulis and the stem bark extracts of P. Africana may provide potential sources for the development of alternative antibacterial agents while E. divinorum and C. edulis agents may provide potential sources for further development of antifungal agents for the treatment of diseases.
References
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Komakech, R., & Kang, Y. (2019). Ethnopharmacological potential of African cherry [Prunus africana]. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 17, 100283.
Komakech, R., Yang, S., Song, J. H., Choi, G., Kim, Y. G., Okello, D., ... & Kang, Y. (2022). Assessment of anatomical characteristics of the medicinal plant African cherry (Prunus africana) for its accurate taxonomic identification. Journal of Plant Biotechnology, 49(2), 139-144.
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Mahwasane, S. T., Middleton, L., & Boaduo, N. (2013). An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used by the traditional healers of the Lwamondo area, Limpopo province, South Africa. South African Journal of Botany, 88, 69-75.
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Nyamai, D. W., Mawia, A. M., Wambua, F. K., Njoroge, A., Matheri, F., Lagat, R., & Burugu, M. (2015). Phytochemical profile of Prunus africana stem bark from Kenya. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products, 1(1), 8.
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Nyambe, M. M., Kwembeya, E. G., Lisao, K., & Hans, R. (2021). Oral hygiene in Namibia: A case of chewing sticks. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 277, 114203.
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Ogoma, B. O., Omondi, S. F., Ngaira, J., & Kimani, J. W. (2021). Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with Carissa edulis, an Endangered Plant Species along Lake Victoria Basin of Kenya. International Journal of Forestry Research, 2021, 1-10.
Oguntibeju, O. O. (2018). Medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory activities from selected countries and regions of Africa. Journal of inflammation research, 307-317.
Okello, S. V., Nyunja, R. O., Netondo, G. W., & Onyango, J. C. (2010). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Sabaots of Mt. Elgon Kenya. African Journal of
Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 7(1).
Okoronkwo, I., Onyia-Pat, J. L., Okpala, P., Agbo, M. A., & Ndu, A. (2014). Patterns of complementary and alternative medicine use, perceived benefits, and adverse effects among adult users in Enugu Urban, Southeast Nigeria. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2014.
Omara, T., Sadia, B. O., Mbabazi, I., & Okwir, A. (2022). Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, and toxicity of Euclea divinorum Hern (Ebenaceae): a review. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 9(2), 355-372.
Opande, G. T. (2022). Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Properties of Carissa edulis Extracts Obtained from Kaimosi Forest, Vihiga County, Kenya. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 33(10), 11-18.
Ozioma, E. O. J., & Chinwe, O. A. N. (2019). Herbal medicines in African traditional medicine. Herbal medicine, 10, 191-214.
Pan, S. Y., Litscher, G., Gao, S. H., Zhou, S. F., Yu, Z. L., Chen, H. Q., ... & Ko, K. M. (2014). Historical perspective of traditional indigenous medical practices: the current renaissance and conservation of herbal resources. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2014.
Payyappallimana, U. (2010). Role of traditional medicine in primary health care. Yokohama Journal of Social Sciences, 14(6), 57-75.
Petrovska, B. B. (2012). Historical review of medicinal plants’ usage. Pharmacognosy reviews, 6(11), 1.
Rahmatullah, M., Mukti, I. J., Haque, A. K. M. F., Mollik, M. A. H., Parvin, K., Jahan, R., ... & Rahman, T. (2009). An ethnobotanical survey and pharmacological evaluation of medicinal plants used by the Garo tribal community living in Netrakona district, Bangladesh. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 3(3), 402-418.
Rastogi, S., Pandey, M. M., & Rawat, A. K. S. (2016). Traditional herbs: a remedy for cardiovascular disorders. Phytomedicine, 23(11), 1082-1089.
Rubegeta, E., Makolo, F., Kamatou, G., Enslin, G., Chaudhary, S., Sandasi, M., ... & Viljoen, A. (2022). The African cherry: A review of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activities of Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 116004.
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Published
2023-04-05
How to Cite
Kipkorir, K., Wanjohi, B., Ndegwa, J., & Maina, M. (2023, April 5). Antimicrobial Properties of Medicinal Plants Against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans Bacteria. African Journal of Education,Science and Technology, 7(3), Pg 31-39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2022/ajest.v7i3.831
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